SAP BW/BI stands for Business Information Warehouse, also known as business intelligence. For any
business, data reporting, analyses and interpretation of business data is very crucial for running business
smoothly and making decision. SAP BW/BI manage the data and enables to react quickly and in line with
the market. It enables the user to analyze data from operative SAP applications as well as from other
business.

a) Data Warehouse: Integrating, collecting and managing entire company’s data.

b) Analyzing and Planning: Using the data stored in data warehouse

c) Reporting: BI provides the tools for reporting in web-browser, excel etc.

d) Broad cast publishing: To send the information to the employees using email, fax etc.

e) Performance: Performance of the company

f) Security: Securing the access like using SAP logon tickets from portal

Data integrity is to eliminate duplicate entries in the database.

Table partition is done to manage the huge data to improve the efficiency of the applications. The partition is
based on 0CALMONTH and 0FISCPER. There are two type of partitioning that is done

a) Database partitioning

b) Logical partitioning

Data flows from a transactional system to the analytical system (BW). DS ( Data Service) on the transactional
system needs to be replicated on BW side and attached to info source and update rules respectively.

'Operational Data Store' or 'ODS' is used for detailed storage of data. It is a BW architectural component
that appears between PSA ( Persistent Staging Area) and infocubes, it allows BEX (Business Explorer)
reporting. It is primarily used for detail reporting rather than dimensional analysis, and it is not based on
the star schema. ODS (Operational Data Store) objects do not aggregate data as infocubes do. To load the
data into an IDS object, new records are inserted, existing records are updated, or old records are deleted as
specified by RECORDMODE value.

'Infocube' is structured as the star schema and it is a data storage area. To create an infocube, you require 1
'fact table' surrounded by 4 dimensions. The 'fact table' is surrounded by different dim table, which are
linked with DIM’ ids. And as per the data, you will have aggregated data in the cubes.

Info cubes contain two tables, E table and F (fact table).

In info cubes, there are 16 dimensions ( 3 sap defined and 1 customer defined)

The difference between ODS and Info-cubes are

a) ODS has a key while Info-cubes does not have any key

b) ODS contains detailed level data while Info-cube contains refined data

c) Info-cube follows Star Schema (16 dimensions) while ODS is a flat file structure

d) There can be two or more ODS under a cube, so cube can contain combined data or data that is derived
from other fields in the ODS

A dimension in BW is a collection of reference information about a measurable event in data warehousing.
In this context, events are known as “facts”. For example, a customer dimension’s attributes could include
first and last name, gender, birth date etc. To optimize the dimensions, do not add most dynamic
characteristics into the same dimension and make the dimension smaller. Also, define as many dimensions
as possible, and the dimension should not exceed 20% of the fact table size.

Characteristics and key figures will be called as info objects. 'Info-objects' are similar to fields of the
source system, data based on which we organize data in different info provider in BW.

Designing of data base is done by using modelling. The design of DB (Data Base) depends on the schema,
and schema is defined as the representation of tables and their relationship.

Star Schema comprises of Fact tables and Dimension Tables, while the table that consists the Master data
are kept in separate tables. These separate tables for Master data are referred as Extended Star Schema.

To extract data from the system program is used which is known as Extractor. The types of extractors in BW
are:

a) Application Specific: BW content FI, HR, CO, SAP CRM, LO cockpit

b) Customer-Generated Extractors: LIS, FI-SL, CO-PA

c) Cross Application (Generic Extractors) : DB View,Infoset, Function Module

Fact table is the collection of facts and relations that mean foreign keys with the dimension. Actually fact
table holds transactional data.

There are 4 types

a) CHAR

b) NUMC

c) DATS

d) TIMS

The use of the process chain is to automate the data load process. It automates the process like Data load,
Indices creation, Deletion, Cube compression etc. Process chains are only to load your data's.

The T-codes for Info-Cubes are

a) LISTCUBE: List viewer for InfoCubes

b) LISTSCHEMA: Show InfoCube schema

c) RSDCUBE, RSDCUBED, RSDCUBEM: Start InfoCube editing

The maximum number of key figures is 233 and characteristics are 248.

You can convert package group into a process chain by double clicking on the info package group, then
you have to click on the ' Process Chain Maint ' button where you have to type the name and description,
this will insert individual info packages automatically.

Yes, info-object can be an info-provider. In order to do this, you have to right click on the Info Area and
select " Insert characteristics as data target".

Multi-provider is a type of info-provider that contains data from a number of info-providers and makes it
available for reporting purposes.

a) Multi-provider does not contain any data.

b) The data comes entirely from the info providers on which it is based.

c) The info-providers are connected to one another by union operations.

d) Info-providers and Multi-providers are the objects or views relevant for reporting.

e) A multi-provider allows you to run reports using several info-providers that are, it is used for creating
reports for one or more than one info-provider at a time.

Conversion routine is used to convert data types from internal format to external format or display format.

In the ‘start routine’, you can modify the data packages, when data is loading. While conversion of routine,
usually refers to routines bound to info objects for conversion of internal and display format.

To unlock the objects in transport organizer, go to SE03à Request TaskàUnlock objects. When you enter
your request and select unlock and execute, it will unlock the request.

The update routine is used to define Global Data and Global Checks. They are defined as the object level.
It is like the Start Routine.

The types of Multi-providers are

a) Homogeneous Multiproviders: It consists of technically identical info-providers, such as infocubes with
exactly the same characteristics and key figures.

b) Heterogeneous Multiproviders: These info-providers only have a certain number of characteristics and key
figures. It can be used for the modelling of scenarios by dividing them into sub-scenarios. Each
sub-scenario is represented by its own info-provider.

a) RSPC: Process Chain Maintenance

b) RSPC1: Process Chain Display

c) RSPCM: Monitor daily process chains

d) RZ20: To see log for process chains

BEx Map is BW’s Geographical Information System (GIS). BEx Map is one of the characteristics for SAP
BI, and it gives the geographical information like customer, customer sales region and country.

The sets of cubes delivered by SAP are used to measure performance for query, loading data etc. B/W
statistics as the name suggests is useful in showing data about the costs associated with the B/W queries,
OLAP, aggregative data etc. It is useful to measure the performance of how quickly the queries are
calculated or how quickly the data is loaded into BW.

Data target administration task includes

a) Delete Index

b) Generate Index

c) Construct database statistics

d) Complete deletion of data target

e) Compression of the info-cube etc.

a) *- Groups according to characteristics

b) H- Hierarchy

c) F-Fixed Value

d) Blank-None

Dimensions that changes with time are called slowly changing dimensions.

To create a connection with LIS info-structure, LBW0 connects LIS info-structures to BW.

Three options are available for delta management with flat files

1) Full upload

2) New status for changed records

3) Additive delta

To create classes or nodes for BW you have to follow the following steps,

a) Click on post-processing of data sources

b) Execute/Click on IMG activity

c) Select BW or any desired node

d) Click on context menu

e) Press F6 or select “Create node”

After following these steps, a new dialog box will appear, where you can insert your node or class for BW.

To define data aggregation hierarchy can be used. It is a logical structure that use ordered levels as a
means of organizing data. For instance, by using time dimension hierarchy, it is possible to aggregate data
from the month level to the quarter level to the year level.

To debug errors in SAP GUI you have to follow the path

a) Run Bexanalyzer

b) Business Explorer menu item

c) Installation check

This will show an excel sheet with start button, on clicking on it, it will verify the GUI installation and if
there is any error you can fix it or either re-install it.

(1) Predefined calculations that render summarized and/or aggregated information, which is useful in
making strategic decisions.

(2) Also known as Performance Measure, Performance Metric measures. KPIs are put in place and visible
to an organization to indicate the level of progress and status of change efforts in an organization.
KPIs are industry-recognized measurements on which to base critical business decisions.
In SAP BW, Business Content KPIs have been developed based upon input from customers, partners, and
industry experts to ensure that they reflect best practices.

The use of Process Chain is to automate the data load process. Used to automate all the processes
including Data load and all Administrative Tasks like indices creation deletion, Cube compression etc.
Highly controlled data loading.

The basic difference between the two is that navigational attributes can be used to drilldown in a Bex
report whereas display attributes cannot be used so. A navigational attribute would function more or less
like a characteristic within a cube.
To enable these features of a navigational attribute, the attribute needs to be made navigational in the cube
apart from the master data info-object.
The only difference is that navigation attributes can be used for navigation in queries, like filtering,
drill-down etc.

Delete the request ID, Fix data in PSA or ODS and re-load again from PSA / ODS.

ODS holds transactional level data. It’s just as a flat table. It’s not based on multidimensional model. ODS
have three tables

• Active Data table (A table containing the active data)
• Change log Table (Contains the change history for delta updating from the ODS Object into other data

targets, such as ODS Objects or Info Cubes for example.)

• Activation Queue table (For saving ODS data records that are to be updated but that have not yet been

activated. The data is deleted after the records have been activated)

Change log is used for delta updates to the target; it stores all changes per request and updates the target.

SARA.
Advantage: To minimize space, Query performance and Load performance

OSS is Online support system runs by SAP to support the customers.
You can access this by entering OSS1 transaction or visit Service.SAP.Com and access it by providing the
user name and password.

To unlock a transport use Go to SE03 –> Request Task –> Unlock Objects Enter your request and select
unlock and execute. This will unlock the request.

An InfoPackage group is a collection of InfoPackages.

Find your own answer based on your experience.

a) Conversion Routines are used to convert data types from internal format to external/display format or
vice versa.
b) These are function modules.
c) There are many function modules, they will be of type
CONVERSION_EXIT_XXXX_INPUT, CONVERSION_EXIT_XXXX_OUTPUT.

example:

CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_INPUT

CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT