The full form of CSS is Cascading Style Sheets. It is a styling language which is simple enough for HTML
elements. It is popular in web designing, and its application is common in XHTML also.

Standard Generalized Markup Language marked the beginning of style sheets in 1980s.

The variations for CSS are:

CSS 1

CSS 2

CSS 2.1

CSS 3

CSS 4

Limitations are:

• Ascending by selectors is not possible
• Limitations of vertical control
• No expressions
• No column declaration
• Pseudo-class not controlled by dynamic behavior
• Rules, styles, targeting specific text not possible

Advantages are:

• Bandwidth
• Site-wide consistency
• Page reformatting
• Accessibility
• Content separated from presentation

It is a pre-planned libraries, which allows easier and more standards-compliant webpage styling, using
CSS language.

World Wide Web Consortium maintains the CSS specifications.

CSS can be integrated in three ways:

Inline: Style attribute can be used to have CSS applied HTML elements.

Embedded: The Head element can have a Style element within which the code can be placed.

Linked/ Imported: CSS can be placed in an external file and linked via link element.

Benefits:

• One file can be used to control multiple documents having different styles.
• Multiple HTML elements can have many documents, which can have classes.
• To group styles in composite situations, methods as selector and grouping are used.

Demerits:

• Extra download is needed to import documents having style information.
• To render the document, the external style sheet should be loaded.
• Not practical for small style definitions.

Merits of Embedded Style Sheets:

• Multiple tag types can be created in a single document.
• Styles, in complex situations, can be applied by using Selector and Grouping methods.
• Extra download is unnecessary.

Demerits of Embedded Style Sheets:

• Multiple documents cannot be controlled.

A string equivalent of HTML elements by which declarations or a set of it, is declared and is a link that
can be referred for linking HTML and Style sheet is CSS selector.

The design and customization of documents are rendered by media. By applying media control over the
external style sheets, they can be retrieved and used by loading it from the network.

While physical tags are also referred to as presentational mark-up, logical tags are useless for appearances.
Physical tags are newer versions while logical tags are old and concentrate on content.

While HTML provides easy structure method, it lacks styling, unlike Style sheets. Moreover, style sheets
have better browser capabilities and formatting options.

Ruleset : Selectors can be attached to other selectors to be identified by ruleset.

It has two parts:

Selector, e.g. R and

declaration {text-indent: 11pt}

Although, there are no case-sensitivity of CSS, nevertheless font families, URL’s of images, etc is. Only
when XML declarations along with XHTML DOCTYPE are being used on the page, CSS is case
-sensitive.

A catalog of directions within braces consisting of property, colon and value is called declaration block.

e.g.: [property 1: value 3]

They are:

• Font-style
• Font-variant
• Font-weight
• Font-size/line-height
• Font-family
• Caption
• Icon

Importing enables combining external sheets to be inserted in many sheets. Different files and sheets can
be used to have different functions.

Syntax: @import notation, used with tag.

Selectors that are unique to a specific style, are called CLASS selectors. Declaration of style and
association with HTML can be made through this. Syntax:

Classname

it can be A-Z, a-z or digits.

.top {font: 14em ;}, class selector

this class is associated with element

While an overall block is given to class selector, ID selector prefers only a single element differing from
other elements.

Yes, it can be achieved by using a semicolon.

Pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors. CSS in used to apply styles in HTML
mark-up. In some cases when extra mark-up or styling is not possible for the document, then there is a
feature available in CSS known as pseudo-elements. It will allow extra mark-up to the document without
disturbing the actual document.

While making the float declaration, 1 pixel is added every time it is used in the form of the border, and
even more float is allowed thereafter.

In CSS, you cannot revert back to old values due to lack of default values. The property can be re-
declared to get the default property.

Different media has different properties as they are case insensitive.
They are:

• Aural – for sound synthesizers and speech
• Print – gives a preview of the content when printed
• Projection- projects the CSS on projectors.
• Handheld- uses handheld devices.
• Screen- computers and laptop screens.

This box defines design and layout of elements of CSS. The elements are:

Margin: the top most layer, the overall structure is shown

Border: the padding and content option with a border around it is shown. Background color affects the
border.

Padding: Space is shown. Background colour affects the border.

Content: Actual content is shown.

Selector used to select special occurrences of an element is called contextual selector. A space separates
the individual selectors. Only the last element of the pattern is addressed in this kind of selector. For e.g.:
TD P TEXT {color: blue}

A color can be specified in two ways:

A color is represented by 6 characters i.e. hexadecimal color coding. It is a combination of numbers and
letters and is preceded by #. e.g.: g {color: #00cjfi}

A color is represented by a mixture of red, green and blue. The value of a color can also be specified. e.g.:
rgb(r,g,b): In this type the values can be in between the integers 0 and 255. rgb(r%,g%,b%): red, green and
blue percentage is shown.

Dimension properties can be defined by:

• Height
• Max-height
• Max-width
• Min-height
• Min-width
• Width

By float property, the image can be moved to the right or the left along with the text to be wrapped around
it. Elements before this property is applied do not change their properties.

Overlapping may occur while using CSS for positioning HTML elements. Z index helps in specifying the
overlapping element. It is a number which can be positive or negative, the default value being zero.

In case the component fails, it will continue to work properly in the presence of a graceful degradation.
The latest browser application is used when a webpage is designed. As it is not available to everyone, there
is a basic functionality, which enables its use to a wider audience. In case the image is unavailable for viewing, text is shown with the alt tag.

It’s an alternative to graceful degradation, which concentrates on the matter of the web. The functionality
is same, but it provides an extra edge to users having the latest bandwidth. It has been into prominent use
recently with mobile internet connections expanding their base.

HTML sheet methods is collaborated with CSS and used accordingly.

@import is preferred only at the top, to avoid any overriding rules. Generally, ranking order is followed in
most programming languages such as Java, Modula, etc. In C, the # is a prominent example of a @import
being at the top.

CSS is more precedent over HTML procedures. Browsers, which do not have CSS support, display HTML attributes.

The Inline style in a CSS is used to add up styling to individual HTML elements.

The comments in CSS can be added with /* and */.

It is defined by a set of elements, value and its parts.

A style, that helps in influencing CSS. E.g. FONT. They have corresponding values or properties within
them, like FONT has different style like bold, italic etc.

Alternate Style Sheets allows the user to select the style in which the page is displayed using the
view>page style menu. Through Alternate Style Sheet, user can see a multiple version of the page on their
needs and preferences.

Quotes are optional in URL’s, and it can be single or double.

Rule, which is applicable in the entire sheet and not partly, is known as at-rule. It is preceded by @
followed by A-Z, a-z or 0-9.

Properties can be a set in recommended places and the document modified for CSS to mix with user’s
personal sheet.

There are three ways to integrate CSS into a Web page

1) Inline : HTML elements may have CSS applied to them via the STYLE attribute.

2) Embedded : By placing the code in a STYLE element within the HEAD element.

3) Linked/ Imported : Place the CSS in an external file and link it via a link element.

1. Basically it is a string that identifies the elements to which a particular declaration or set of declarations
will apply.

2. It can also be referred to as a link between the HTML document and the style sheet.

3. It is equivalent of HTML elements.

1. It is the short form for inbetweening.

2. It is the process of generating intermediate frames between two images.

3. It gives the impression that the first image has smoothly evolved into the second one.

4. It is an important method used in all types of animations.

5. In CSS3, Transforms(matrix,translate,rotate,scale etc) module can be used to achieve tweening.

% - Defines a measurement as a percentage relative to another value, typically an enclosing element.

p {font-size: 16pt; line-height: 125%;}

cm ? Defines a measurement in centimeters.

div {m argin-bottom : 2cm ;}

em ? A relative measurement for the height of a font in em spaces. Because an em unit is equivalent to the
size of a given font, if you assign a font to 12pt, each "em" unit would be 12pt; thus, 2em would be 24pt.

p {letter-spacing: 7em ;}